{"slug":"population-futures","number":"02","title":"Population Futures","question":"Twelve connected studies of ageing, work, fertility, retirement, inheritance and fiscal pressure.","study_count":12,"geographies":["South Africa"],"topics":["retirement","pensions","population-decline","south-africa","unemployment","fiscal-policy","housing","inheritance","lifetime-wealth","cities"],"studies":[{"id":"GSX:POP-001","slug":"when-retirement-becomes-impossible","title":"When Retirement Becomes Impossible","primary_question":"What are the demographic and financial limits of retirement at 60?","summary":"The demographic and financial limits of retirement at 60.","research_type":"exploratory_simulation","evidence_status":"modelled","series_slug":"population-futures","series_title":"Population Futures","version":"1.0","date_modified":"2026-09-28","links":{"html":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/when-retirement-becomes-impossible","markdown":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/when-retirement-becomes-impossible/markdown","manuscript":"https://greyscienx.com/api/v1/research/when-retirement-becomes-impossible/manuscript","json":"https://greyscienx.com/api/v1/research/when-retirement-becomes-impossible","pdf":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/when-retirement-becomes-impossible.pdf"}},{"id":"GSX:POP-002","slug":"todays-unemployment-is-tomorrows-pension-crisis","title":"Today’s Unemployment Is Tomorrow’s Pension Crisis","primary_question":"How does youth unemployment, followed across a lifetime, become old-age dependence?","summary":"Youth unemployment followed across a lifetime and into old-age dependence.","research_type":"exploratory_simulation","evidence_status":"modelled","series_slug":"population-futures","series_title":"Population Futures","version":"1.0","date_modified":"2026-09-28","links":{"html":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/todays-unemployment-is-tomorrows-pension-crisis","markdown":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/todays-unemployment-is-tomorrows-pension-crisis/markdown","manuscript":"https://greyscienx.com/api/v1/research/todays-unemployment-is-tomorrows-pension-crisis/manuscript","json":"https://greyscienx.com/api/v1/research/todays-unemployment-is-tomorrows-pension-crisis","pdf":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/todays-unemployment-is-tomorrows-pension-crisis.pdf"}},{"id":"GSX:POP-003","slug":"does-raising-the-retirement-age-actually-work","title":"Does Raising the Retirement Age Actually Work?","primary_question":"Does raising the retirement age still work once youth unemployment, productivity, and disability are taken into account?","summary":"Later retirement tested against youth unemployment, productivity and disability.","research_type":"exploratory_simulation","evidence_status":"modelled","series_slug":"population-futures","series_title":"Population Futures","version":"1.0","date_modified":"2026-09-28","links":{"html":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/does-raising-the-retirement-age-actually-work","markdown":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/does-raising-the-retirement-age-actually-work/markdown","manuscript":"https://greyscienx.com/api/v1/research/does-raising-the-retirement-age-actually-work/manuscript","json":"https://greyscienx.com/api/v1/research/does-raising-the-retirement-age-actually-work","pdf":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/does-raising-the-retirement-age-actually-work.pdf"}},{"id":"GSX:POP-004","slug":"the-politics-of-an-ageing-electorate","title":"The Politics of an Ageing Electorate","primary_question":"How can voter age structure redirect spending and intergenerational transfers?","summary":"How voter age structure can redirect spending and intergenerational transfers.","research_type":"exploratory_simulation","evidence_status":"modelled","series_slug":"population-futures","series_title":"Population Futures","version":"1.0","date_modified":"2026-09-28","links":{"html":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/the-politics-of-an-ageing-electorate","markdown":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/the-politics-of-an-ageing-electorate/markdown","manuscript":"https://greyscienx.com/api/v1/research/the-politics-of-an-ageing-electorate/manuscript","json":"https://greyscienx.com/api/v1/research/the-politics-of-an-ageing-electorate","pdf":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/the-politics-of-an-ageing-electorate.pdf"}},{"id":"GSX:POP-005","slug":"emergency-ageing-austerity","title":"Emergency Ageing Austerity","primary_question":"Which policy packages for closing an ageing-related fiscal deficit are examined for lower welfare loss?","summary":"Policy packages for closing an ageing-related fiscal deficit with lower welfare loss.","research_type":"exploratory_simulation","evidence_status":"modelled","series_slug":"population-futures","series_title":"Population Futures","version":"1.0","date_modified":"2026-09-28","links":{"html":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/emergency-ageing-austerity","markdown":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/emergency-ageing-austerity/markdown","manuscript":"https://greyscienx.com/api/v1/research/emergency-ageing-austerity/manuscript","json":"https://greyscienx.com/api/v1/research/emergency-ageing-austerity","pdf":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/emergency-ageing-austerity.pdf"}},{"id":"GSX:POP-006","slug":"the-price-of-another-child","title":"The Price of Another Child","primary_question":"When does fertility support become cheaper than financing demographic decline?","summary":"When fertility support becomes cheaper than financing demographic decline.","research_type":"exploratory_simulation","evidence_status":"modelled","series_slug":"population-futures","series_title":"Population Futures","version":"1.0","date_modified":"2026-09-28","links":{"html":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/the-price-of-another-child","markdown":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/the-price-of-another-child/markdown","manuscript":"https://greyscienx.com/api/v1/research/the-price-of-another-child/manuscript","json":"https://greyscienx.com/api/v1/research/the-price-of-another-child","pdf":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/the-price-of-another-child.pdf"}},{"id":"GSX:POP-007","slug":"the-hundred-year-life","title":"The Hundred-Year Life","primary_question":"How would education, work, housing, and family life be redesigned for lives of 100 to 120 years?","summary":"Education, work, housing and family life redesigned for 100–120 year lives.","research_type":"exploratory_simulation","evidence_status":"modelled","series_slug":"population-futures","series_title":"Population Futures","version":"1.0","date_modified":"2026-09-28","links":{"html":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/the-hundred-year-life","markdown":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/the-hundred-year-life/markdown","manuscript":"https://greyscienx.com/api/v1/research/the-hundred-year-life/manuscript","json":"https://greyscienx.com/api/v1/research/the-hundred-year-life","pdf":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/the-hundred-year-life.pdf"}},{"id":"GSX:POP-008","slug":"inheritance-after-retirement","title":"Inheritance After Retirement","primary_question":"What is the economic difference when inheritance arrives at 40, 55, 70, or 85?","summary":"The economic value of inheritance arriving at 40, 55, 70 or 85.","research_type":"exploratory_simulation","evidence_status":"modelled","series_slug":"population-futures","series_title":"Population Futures","version":"1.0","date_modified":"2026-09-28","links":{"html":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/inheritance-after-retirement","markdown":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/inheritance-after-retirement/markdown","manuscript":"https://greyscienx.com/api/v1/research/inheritance-after-retirement/manuscript","json":"https://greyscienx.com/api/v1/research/inheritance-after-retirement","pdf":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/inheritance-after-retirement.pdf"}},{"id":"GSX:POP-009","slug":"how-to-shrink-a-country-without-breaking-it","title":"How to Shrink a Country Without Breaking It","primary_question":"What happens to housing, cities, and public infrastructure under population contraction?","summary":"Housing, cities and public infrastructure under population contraction.","research_type":"exploratory_simulation","evidence_status":"modelled","series_slug":"population-futures","series_title":"Population Futures","version":"1.0","date_modified":"2026-09-28","links":{"html":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/how-to-shrink-a-country-without-breaking-it","markdown":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/how-to-shrink-a-country-without-breaking-it/markdown","manuscript":"https://greyscienx.com/api/v1/research/how-to-shrink-a-country-without-breaking-it/manuscript","json":"https://greyscienx.com/api/v1/research/how-to-shrink-a-country-without-breaking-it","pdf":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/how-to-shrink-a-country-without-breaking-it.pdf"}},{"id":"GSX:POP-010","slug":"the-scarce-worker-economy","title":"The Scarce-Worker Economy","primary_question":"Can automation, productivity, and immigration substitute for missing workers?","summary":"Automation, productivity and immigration as substitutes for missing workers.","research_type":"exploratory_simulation","evidence_status":"modelled","series_slug":"population-futures","series_title":"Population Futures","version":"1.0","date_modified":"2026-09-28","links":{"html":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/the-scarce-worker-economy","markdown":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/the-scarce-worker-economy/markdown","manuscript":"https://greyscienx.com/api/v1/research/the-scarce-worker-economy/manuscript","json":"https://greyscienx.com/api/v1/research/the-scarce-worker-economy","pdf":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/the-scarce-worker-economy.pdf"}},{"id":"GSX:POP-011","slug":"the-population-system","title":"The Population System","primary_question":"How do the population studies connect as one policy system?","summary":"A synthesis of the ten population studies as one connected policy system.","research_type":"exploratory_simulation","evidence_status":"modelled","series_slug":"population-futures","series_title":"Population Futures","version":"1.0","date_modified":"2026-09-28","links":{"html":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/the-population-system","markdown":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/the-population-system/markdown","manuscript":"https://greyscienx.com/api/v1/research/the-population-system/manuscript","json":"https://greyscienx.com/api/v1/research/the-population-system","pdf":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/the-population-system.pdf"}},{"id":"GSX:POP-012","slug":"extreme-fiscal-pressure","title":"Extreme Fiscal Pressure","primary_question":"How could emergency government measures introduced in 2050 alter the population system?","summary":"How emergency government measures introduced in 2050 could alter the population system.","research_type":"exploratory_simulation","evidence_status":"modelled","series_slug":"population-futures","series_title":"Population Futures","version":"1.0","date_modified":"2026-09-28","links":{"html":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/extreme-fiscal-pressure","markdown":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/extreme-fiscal-pressure/markdown","manuscript":"https://greyscienx.com/api/v1/research/extreme-fiscal-pressure/manuscript","json":"https://greyscienx.com/api/v1/research/extreme-fiscal-pressure","pdf":"https://greyscienx.com/research/population-futures/extreme-fiscal-pressure.pdf"}}],"links":{"html":"https://greyscienx.com/series/population-futures","json":"https://greyscienx.com/api/v1/series/population-futures"}}